Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Essays - , Term Papers

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder or Hyperactivity (ADHD), disorder beginning in childhood, characterized by a persistent inability to sit still, focus attention on specific tasks, and control impulses. Children with ADHD show these behaviors more frequently and severely than other children of the same age. A person with ADHD may have difficulty with school, work, friendships, or family life. ADHD has also been referred to as attention-deficit disorder, hyperkinesis, minimal brain dysfunction, and minimal brain damage. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder is one of the most common mental disorders of childhood, affecting 3 to 5 percent of school-age children. The disorder occurs at least four times more often in boys than in girls. Although the symptoms sometimes disappear with age, ADHD can persist into adolescence and adulthood. Some estimates show that up to 2 percent of adults have ADHD. II DIAGNOSIS Diagnosing ADHD is difficult because most children are inattentive, hyperactive, and impulsive at least some of the time. In diagnosing ADHD, experts use guidelines listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. These guidelines require that a child show behaviors typical of ADHD before the age of seven. The behaviors must last for at least six months, and must occur more frequently than in other children of the same age. The behaviors also must occur in at least two settings, such as classroom and home, rather than just at a single setting. Controversy exists over the diagnosis of ADHD. Physicians in the United States diagnose the disorder more often than doctors elsewhere in the world. Critics regard this discrepancy as evidence that physicians and psychologists too often apply psychiatric labels to children who are naturally more active or simply nuisances to teachers and parents. III CHARACTERISTICS Children and adults with ADHD consistently show various degrees of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsiveness. Inattention means that people with ADHD have difficulty keeping their minds on one thing. They may get bored with homework or other tasks after a few minutes, make careless mistakes, have trouble listening, and seem to daydream. However, children with ADHD sometimes can concentrate on and complete new or unusually interesting tasks. Hyperactivity involves almost constant motion, as if driven by a motor. Children may squirm and fidget at their desks in school, get up often to roam around the room, constantly touch things, disturb other people, tap pencils, and talk constantly. ADHD also makes children unusually impulsive, so that they act before thinking. They may run into the street without looking, blurt out inappropriate comments in class, interrupt conversations, and be unusually clumsy or accident-prone. Children with ADHD often have severe learning problems because of their difficulties in paying attention, following instructions, and completing tasks. In addition, their disruptive, demanding behavior makes them unpopular with peers. Children with ADHD often receive constant criticism and correction from teachers and parents, who believe the behavior, is intentional. The combination of negative feedback, poor academic achievement, and social problems may contribute to low self-esteem and other emotional problems. IV CAUSES Scientists do not know what causes ADHD. However, they have discredited many theories that once were widely accepted. One theory contended that ADHD resulted from minor head injuries or undetectable brain damage due to infections or complications during birth. Experts called ADHD "minimal brain damage" and "minimal brain dysfunction" when this theory was popular in the early 1970s. Another theory linked ADHD with consumption of refined sugar and food additives. Scientists questioned this theory when studies showed that few children with ADHD benefited from diets restricting sugar and food colorings. Most experts also reject the idea that poor parenting or a dysfunctional home environment causes ADHD. Most scientists regard ADHD as a biological disorder caused by abnormalities in the brain. Studies have shown that areas of the brain that control attention span and limit impulsive behavior are less active in people with ADHD. In addition, ADHD seems to run in families, suggesting that genetic factors may play an important role (seeGenetics). One study showed that about one-third of fathers who had ADHD in childhood have children with ADHD. V TREATMENT Although there is no cure for ADHD, a variety of treatments may help children with this disorder. These include medication, counseling, social skills training, and other methods. A Medication Drugs are the most common treatment for ADHD and can help reduce symptoms of the disorder. Physicians usually prescribe one of three drugs: methylphenidate (Ritalin), dextroamphetamine (Dexedrine or DextroStat), and pemoline (Cylert). These drugs are normally stimulants, yet they ease hyperactivity and other symptoms in 90 percent of children with ADHD. The drugs work by altering levels of neurotransmitters,

What the woods or jungle symbolize Essay Example

What the woods or jungle symbolize Essay Example What the woods or jungle symbolize Essay What the woods or jungle symbolize Essay Essay Topic: The Jungle Life, most importantly, the risks involved in it are symbolized by the jungle or woods in the story. The character who does not hesitate to take risks in his life is Ben. Literally, he entered the jungle with the intention of realizing his dreams. In this way, he gained control of his own life. On the other hand, the protagonist is afraid and is actually losing his grip onto his life. When he lost his job, Willy told his sons that the woods are on fire (2. 2). Moreover, Ben tells Willy that even while the jungle is dark, he must nonetheless enter into it (2. 8). What the Garden symbolizes The protagonists desire to afford for his family a good life is symbolized by the garden in the story. Prior to the building of the apartment blocks, the produce from Willys garden grow in abundance. However the physical development in their neighborhood altered the case of his garden. The protagonist is attempting to cultivate something for his family. For instance, he wanted to become successful so that he can very well provide for them. Willy was almost a success in doing this. However, he eventually failed to transform is dream into reality. Toward the end of the story, one of the last things he did prior to his demise is to plant seeds in his garden. It is indeed, a futile attempt. Success, for Willy is something he most desperately craves but never possessed. What the Brand Names and the Car symbolize The use of brand names in the story, such as Studebaker, Hastings, Simonize, and Chevrolet aids in heightening the realism of the story (1. 3). These brands regarded as status symbols also signify the material success that the protagonist craves for and how it eventually proves to be hollow. Willy is deceived into believing that the possession of these things is tantamount to success. Perhaps the most suggestive symbol presented in the story is that of the car. Community and family pride are symbolized in the weekend excursions and polishing. Still, the car also signifies the instrument by which the protagonist earns a living. Just like the car, Willy also comes to the point when he wears out (Otten 54). What the Rubber Hose symbolizes The appearance of the rubber hose calls to mind the desperate attempt of the protagonist to take his own life. He tried to commit suicide by inhaling gas (2. 8). Ironically, gas represents one of the most important elements needed to produce heat which is something essential for the comfort and health of his family. Death, in the literal sense achieved by means of inhaling gas is comparable to the metaphorical death that the protagonist feels in his efforts to provide a basic necessity for his family. The theme of death is directly related to the symbolism represented by the rubber hose in the story. Willys attempt to inhale gas to kill him self denotes his intention of escaping the realities of his existence. He tries to escape the difficulties of losing his job and his failure to realize success. Deception and grief is also signified by the rubber hose. Willys wife is bewildered over the supposed purpose of the rubber hose when she found it inside their house (2. 1). The deceiving nature of the rubber hose is manifested the moment Biff asked his father about it and the latter denies its existence (2. 1). What the tape recorder symbolizes The change in the protagonists life by means of the advancement in technology is symbolized by the tape recorder. Likewise, it symbolizes the end of his career as a salesman. The moment Howard, his boss presented the tape recorder to him, it seems that Howard is more interested in the technology and sound of the equipment than on his employee who is trying to stay on the job (2. 2). Unfortunately, the services that Willy can offer is not longer needed on the job. He is then fired by his boss. Nonetheless, Willy also had his faults. He does not welcome change and would rather dwell on the past. The scene where the protagonist is left alone with the equipment and unable to turn it off foretells his reluctance to change (2. 2). He still believes and would not want to change his old formula for success. However, in his job, what matters is whom you know and not what you know. He is not up-to-date with the latest in technology or even in business. Nonetheless, he never lost hope. He wanted to leave something behind for his family when his time comes. This intention is signified by his act of planting seeds in the garden. What the downward movements imply The words down, falling, and fall as well as the movement they suggest repeatedly appears in the story. They stress the downfall of the protagonist and his family. The term â€Å"beaten down† is used to describe the protagonist (1. 6). Willy is also described to fall down in the bed with his mistress at one point in the story. He fell on his knees when his eldest son discovered his affair with another woman. Biff, his eldest son ran down eleven flights of stairs after stealing a pen from the office of Oliver. Ultimately, his wife dropped flowers down his grave as he was finally laid to rest (2. 9). He wanted to leave something behind to his eldest son. In his fantasy, he wanted his eldest son to be a successful man. Willys act of planting seeds in the garden symbolizes his dream for Biff. However, Willy is destined to fail despite his actions. He began to plant seeds in the garden in the evening, the time of day where there is no light from the sun (Griffin 54). Obviously, the planted seeds need sunlight in order to grow. Furthermore, large apartment buildings started to rise around their home suggesting a sense of confinement (Bigsby 117). As stressed earlier, Willys planting of the seeds is a futile act. Nonetheless, the protagonist is persistent on his efforts to seek pardon and reconciliation. The aforementioned symbols represent the protagonists failed dreams as well as his reluctance to change, thus his inability to live his life in the now. The story is filled with symbols which when carefully scrutinized allows the audience to decipher the messages that the author seeks to convey. The symbols also help the audience to better understand the characters portrayed. The story repeatedly stresses the failure of the man who is not exactly as successful as he claims to be. Willy misspends his meager salary by purchasing a new pair of stockings for his mistress. Such action develops into further disappointments including his inability to support his family. The protagonist attempts to raise his eldest son in resemblance of him. He wanted Biff to be hard working and ambitious like him. However, when his eldest son grew to become otherwise, Willy takes on the blame. After interpreting the hidden meanings behind identified symbols in the story, the audience can find it easer to understand the personality of the characters portrayed. The protagonist, Willy Loman, is an ambitious man. However, he is a failure in two of his most important roles in life – that of a husband to Linda and a father to Biff and Happy. The symbolism throughout the story is presented on contrasts (Murphy 7). It is built on the everyday and the ordinary contrasted against the distant and the impossible. It is likewise built on the blissful camaraderie of the days gone by with the lonely, disturbing present. Similarly, the symbolism in the story is built on fantasy with reality as well as on the selfish law of the jungle with love. Recollections of the Loman residence prior to the development in their neighborhood are that of a happy past. At present, with apartment buildings closing in, it is not possible to plant anything in the yard. Nonetheless, the protagonist still attempts to do so on his last day. The image of Willy carrying a flashlight in the evening, planting lettuce, beet, and carrot seeds in the barren land, encapsulates the senselessness of the life he lived as well as the heritage he leaves behind as his â€Å"seed. † The jungle, diamonds, timberlands, and frontiers represent the things beyond your reach. On the other hand, the refrigerator and the car among other things signify Willy’s daily struggles and frustrations in life. The picture of the life-giving water in the tank is placed in contrast to the symbol of suicide which his wife discovers, the black rubber pipe with an attachment that fits the gas pipe of the heater. The characters in the story act and sound like normal people, dealing with common domestic as well as social concerns. Still, the flashback dream sequences of the protagonist as well as the ever more apparent symbolism in the story’s clever objection to accepted social expectations also meet the requirements of an expressionistic work, which does not portray real life so much as subjective representation of life. The story presents a portrait of a man who managed to strike an emotional chord which continues to resound. Willy Loman is a man of his time. However, to a certain extent, he is also timeless. He has fascinated audiences the world over and continues to fascinate them until now. Abbotson, Susan C. W. Student Companion to Arthur Miller. Santa Barbara, California: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2000. Bigsby, C. W. E. Arthur Miller: A Critical Study. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005.

Promotion Strategies Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Promotion Strategies - Case Study Example Another important factor which affects the respondent's interest is because their inclination towards performance, it is very common for them to completely neglect the other programs in the general newsletter. Many a time they just have a glance and most of the time the other programs get completely neglected. The general newsletter is perhaps the most effective way of communication; it has been successful in marketing almost anything. All most all the donors recall getting a newsletter and this goes to show that it is very effective. The lapsed donors were unsuccessful and this goes to show that the donations received by Bell aren't quite utilized the way it is meant to be utilized. Bell can undoubtedly improve on its communication, their financial report can be provided to the donors if not on a monthly basis but at least on a quarterly basis. The donors stop contributing towards the organization because of two main reasons, they either run out of money or they lose the desire to help the same organization over and over again. If they run out of money then it is still acceptable because upon recuperating, they will again start helping the organization. If they stop because of lost interest in the organization, then they can be retained by improving the communication system at Bell.

Nursing Response to Suspected Excessive opioid Overdose in Palliative Research Paper

Nursing Response to Suspected Excessive opioid Overdose in Palliative Care Patient - Research Paper Example However, in this case the answer was negative and the triage process was moved to decision section B. Decision section B, the triage staff, decides whether the patient can safely wait or can not to be given medical attention. If the patient is not able to hold on then the process is moved to decision section C. However, in this scenario, the patient can not wait much longer and thus the patient is categorized as ESI level 2. In ESI level 2, Three chief question are put into consideration. These questions are: (1) Is the patient in serious risk situation? (2) Is the patient disoriented? (3) Is the patient in serious distress? The triage healthcare provider obtains patient subjective and objective assessment to respond to these questions. From the short and quick interview, gross examination, and the six sense from the triage, healthcare provider in ER identifies the patient to be at high risk (Nielsen, Siersma, Nielsen, and Rasmussen, 2012). In ESI sub level1a above, the healthcare pr ovider perform the assessment of the patient. It is extremely complicating and of high risk when taking care of a patient under the overdose of the opioid. The triage healthcare provider has the responsibility of assessing the patient for any suspicion of the narcotic overdose. Some of the symptoms for a suspected opioid overdose the staff comes up with in this case are; slowing level of consciousness, low respiratory rate, decrease of the pupils in size, and poorly reactive pupils. Overdose of Opioid weakens the respiratory and the CNA. In the flowchart above the second step, ESI sub-level 2b, is the stimulation of the patient, it clearly suggest the patient to be stimulated by administering oxygen... ESL algorithm produces fast, reproducible, and clinically stratification of patients into five steps. It is better to operationalize a case scenario to demonstrate health flow use of ESI. Consider the case scenario represented in the flowchart above, The patient is Opioid overdosed and is admitted into the ER. For the ER staff to assist the patient they will have to create an ESL module that will facilitate the optimal care of the patient. ER staff initiates the drafting of the flow chart above using ESI triage tool. The tool aide the staff to formulate a sequence of analytical steps to assist the patient. ESI triage tool groups patients into five categories 1= most serious and 5= less serious. ESI postulate a method of classifying patients in ER by both resource needs and acute. ESI in the ER is to prioritize all incoming patients to denote those who can not wait to be seen. The staff in ER perform a quick, determined assessment, and assigns the patient a triage level, which is the key measure of how much longer a patient can safely hold on before treatment. It is vital to identify the workflow in ER can be extended further to achieve functionality that is not addressed by the external presentations included in the above levels. This can be postulated by programming new external application of certain problem.

Industrialization in the 1800's Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Industrialization in the 1800's - Essay Example Though the Industrial Revolution inflicted hardships on people, altering their way of life and even endangering their health, the people of industrialized countries eventually found increased quality of life through affordable access to products around them. The initial parts of industrialization were negative for those who worked in the up and coming factories. The working conditions were dangerous for everyone, especially newfound nimble-fingered workers, children and women. This was the start of child labor; in addition women had to work outside of home, and after a long shift at the factory were still expected at home to take care of the children, cook, and clean the house. The traditional idea of women staying home and taking care of the house changed, because they needed to go out and be part of life outside of family. This changed the social idea of women staying home and taking care of their children. Although some families were able to maintain traditional family roles, most people during this period could not successfully sustain a family if only the men were working outside of home. Along with this, family dynamics changed all around; the things people had valued in family went through a great change. Prior to industrializatio n, families would always work together. The women and daughters would be in the house cooking and cleaning and the boys would learn to follow their fathers in work. Farmers, for example, would spend all their time together because the family would be home all day and spend a lot of time together. Later in life, sons would take over the family land and raise their families there, keeping the family name on the land.

Management of Invasive Cervical Resorption | Case Report

Management of Invasive Cervical Resorption | Case Report Management of Invasive Cervical Resorption with Heithersay approach: a case report. Abstract: Invasive Cervical Resorption (ICR) is a relatively uncommon clinical finding, characterized by invasion of cervical region of the root by fibro-vascular tissue derived from periodontal ligament. In this case report, a 45 year old female patient came with dislodged restoration in maxillary left lateral incisor. She revealed history of trauma she had undergone ten years back with blow from utensil. Her history also stated that she had developed decay in distal aspect of the same tooth for which she had got filling done 4 years back. Here, trauma and intra coronal restoration might be the predisposing factors for ICR. Since this case of ICR was class 3 defect, the Heithersay approach was treatment of choice. Key words: Invasive Cervical Resorption, Heithersay approach, non surgical, trauma, Intra coronal restoration. Introduction: Invasive Cervical Resorption (ICR) is a relatively uncommon clinical finding. This may occur in any tooth in the permanent dentition at the cervical location and invasive in nature and leads to progressive loss of tooth structure1. This pathological process is characterized by invasion of cervical region of the root by fibro-vascular tissue derived from periodontal ligament. There is progressive resorption of cementum, enamel and dentine to eventually involve pulp in the later stages2. The exact etiology of ICR is poorly understood but several predisposing factors have been identified. These were documented following first report by Harrington and Natkin in 19793. Orthodontics was the most common sole factor (21.2%) followed by trauma (14%); intracoronal bleaching was sole predisposing factor for lesser extent and to a greater extent it was in combination with trauma and/ or orthodontic treatment. Surgery involving cemento enamel junction (5.9%), periodontal therapy (4%), bruxism (2%), and intra coronal restorations (15.3%) were less common as predisposing factors. 15% of the patients showed no definite potential predisposing factor2. A clinical classification has been developed by Heithersay not just as research tool but allows for complete assessment of results of cases of ICR by non-surgical or surgical regimen. Treatment of ICR should aim at the inactivation of all the resorptive tissue and the restoration of resorptive defect. For the small, localized lesions (class 1 or 2), he reported that successful treatment was close to 100%. For the moderate-size lesions (class 3), he reported a 77.8% success rate. For the extensive, class 4 lesions, his success rate was only 12.5%2. Part of the confusion about ICR is that it is identified in the literature by at least nine different names. Heithersay1 coined the name invasive cervical resorption used in this article. It is sometimes referred to as extracanal invasive resorption based on an article by Frank and Backland in 1987 4 and was recently labeled as external cervical resorption (ECR) by Patel et al in 20095. The case we are presenting falls under class 3 category of classification based on clinical and radiological findings. Case Report: A 45 year old female patient reported to Department of Conservative Dentistry Endodontics with dislodged restoration in relation to upper left lateral incisor. Her history also revealed trauma she had undergone ten years back with blow from utensil. Her history stated that she had developed decay in distal aspect of the same tooth for which she had got filling done from local dentist 4 years back, which is dislodged now. On examination of 22, there was class III arrested caries and dislodged restoration on distal aspect. In the cervical area of the tooth, red coloured defect was noted (figure 1). On probing this resorptive cavity wall, hard mineralized tissue was felt accompanied by sharp scraping sound. The tooth was asymptomatic. Electric pulp test was negative. No periodontal pockets on probing. Radiograph revealed an irregular ‘moth eaten’ appearance in the cervical area and there were no periapical changes seen(figure2). Management: Since this case of ICR was class 3 defect, the Heithersay approach was treatment of choice. The maxillary left lateral incisor is treated under rubber dam isolation. Trichloroacetic acid (TCA) 90% is applied on small cotton pellet to resorptive tissue on the palatal aspesct of the tooth for 3-4 minutes (figure 3). The TCA is replenished atleast twice till resorptive tissue undergoes coagulative necrosis (figure 4). The resorptive tissue is removed by curettage. Root canal treatment is carried out with hand instruments.(ICR 10) K-files (Mani, Inc. Japan). Sodium hypochlorite 2.5% (Prevest Denpro Limited Jammu, India), Normal saline (Preet International Pvt.ltd. New Delhi, India) and EDTA (Dentsply Maillefer, Switzerland) are used as irrigants during root canal treatment. The canal is obturated with zinc oxide eugenol cement (Vishal Dentocare, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India) and gutta-percha (Dentsply). Now the resorptive defect is restored with glass ionomer cement (figure 5). A post operative radiograph revealed satisfactory filling of resorptive defect. (figure 6) At a follow-up period of one year, radiograph showed satisfactory treatment outcome and no signs of further resorption. Discussion: Whatever be the treatment modality of treating ICR, ultimate goal should be removal of resorptive tissue and restoration of the defect1. The chosen material which should be esthetic, biologically acceptable and the one that provides strength to already weakened tooth structure 6. Here, trauma and intra coronal restoration might be the predisposing factors for ICR. Since this case of ICR was class 3 defect, the Heithersay approach was treatment of choice. The topical application of trichloracetic acid as an adjunctive measure in the removal or inactivation of active resorptive tissue in cases of invasive cervical rà ©sorption provides an alternative approach to other methods that have been reported 7-11. Since 1977, Heithersay wrote a classic series of articles in which he describes the predisposing factors, features and recommended treatment regimen for treating ICR. He describes class 3 defect can be best treated by Heithersay approach 2. The clinical advantages of this approach are: better patient comfort, avoidance of flap procedure, avoidance of bone removal while gaining access to the defect, control of hemorrhage and inactivation of small, fibro-vascular tissue 6. This treatment regimen is well accepted by patients as it is least traumatic and cost effective and carries good prognosis. Trichloroacetic acid 90% causes coagulation necrosis of resorptive tissues. The additional advantage of TCA is its effect on periodontal ligament tissue adjacent to resorptive site where it is able to destroy actively resorptive cells by same mechanism of coagulation necrosis while expecting uncomplicated repair of the tissues 6. The insertion of suitable restorative material is facilitated by moisture control of both blood and tissue fluids following application of TCA. Thus a moisture-free field was created for placement of glass ionomer cement. Glass inomer cement(GIC) provides some reinforcement to weakened tooth structure 12. While many of the restorations need to be placed subgingivally, the glass ionomer cement used was well tolerated owing to its fluoride release and subsequent antimicrobial effect 13.Conditioning prior to insertion of GIC is not necessary as TCA has been shown to condition enamel and dentine 14. Early and accurate diagnosis of ICR along with well planned treatment regimen can lead to successful treatment outcome and long-term retention of the affected teeth

Lakota Woman Essay -- American History

Lakota Woman The book â€Å"Lakota Woman,† is an autobiography that depicts Mary Crow Dog and Indians’ Lives. Because I only had a limited knowledge on Indians, the book was full of surprising incidents. Moreover, she starts out her story by describing how her Indian friends died in miserable and unjustifiable ways. After reading first few pages, I was able to tell that Indians were mistreated in the same manners as African-Americans by whites. The only facts that make it look worse are, Indians got their land stolen and prejudice and inequality for them still exists. Just like other Indian kids on reservation, Crow Dog’s childhood was poor in everyway; didn’t have enough food, clothes, education, and parents’ love. She was kidnapped to boarding school where Indian children are imp...